The transporting of heat is an important part of our daily life, from boiling a pot of water to creating complex carbon-free energy technologies that power our cellphones, laptops, and home appliances.
     Nuclear energy is an example of heat transfer. It has a proven track record spanning over seventy years. Nuclear power provides about twenty percent of the total electric energy generation in the U.S. A nuclear reactor is similar in principle to a fossil energy plant in that thermal energy (heat) is used to generate steam. The steam is then converted to electricity using a steam turbine. As the nuclear industry moves to advanced fuel cycle technologies, efficiently transporting heat energy becomes increasingly important. Meeting this challenge requires an understanding of microscopic mechanisms that control the transport of that heat.
     In typical nuclear fuel, a uranium atom absorbs a neutron, becomes unstable and splits which results in the creations of two new lighter atoms. This process imparts sufficient kinetic energy to these new atoms to displace thousands of adjacent atoms from their equilibrium positions. This causes the creation of microscopic defects in the crystalline structure. Furthermore, this process produces heat that must flow through the fuel element. Then the heat must be transferred out of the coolant. Finally, the heat must produce steam for making electricity. The crystalline defects degrade the ability to transfer heat. This is a quality known as its thermal conductivity.
     David Hurley is an Idaho National Laboratory Fellow and director of the Center for Thermal Energy Transport under Irradiation (TETI) which is an INL-led Energy Frontier Research Center supported by the Department of Energy’s Office of Science. He said, “Over the lifetime of the fuel in a reactor, its thermal conductivity decreases by as much as 70%.”
     The degradation of a nuclear fuel’s thermal conductivity is a challenge for efficient nuclear power operations. However, researchers are learning that this degradation can be mitigated by improving the design of the chemistry and structure of the fuel. Fully achieving these mitigation strategies will require going beyond trial-and-error investigative approaches.  
     This is where TETI comes into play. The mission of the center is to accurately predict and ultimately improve the transport of thermal energy in nuclear fuels in extreme radiation and temperature environments. Hurley said, “Because our materials of interest contain uranium, quantum mechanical approximations such as density function approximations all fail at some level. What sets TETI apart is its ability to tackle this problem while staying as close to the first principles of quantum mechanics as possible.”  
     In its first four years, TETI scientists utilized inelastic neutron scattering to gain critical new insights into resolving the atomic scale mechanisms governing thermal transport in defect free, ceramic nuclear fuels. TETI scientists also applied beyond density functional approximation in order to discover a new energy state of uranium oxide, lower than previously reported. Linu Malakkal is one of the principal investigators on the TETI team. He said, “The lowest energy state is the correct state, and we are getting very close.”
     Hurley said, “As we look to the future, it is important to realize that the tools developed by TETI researchers will not only impact advanced nuclear energy concepts but will offer opportunities for other energy-related technologies beyond nuclear energy, such as thermoelectric or photoelectric energy conversion, and/or new quantum materials.”

Part 2 of 2 Parts (Please read Part 1 first)
     Bowen’s estimate claims that it could cost three hundred eighty-seven billion dollars to replace every Australian coal plant with nuclear SMRs. However, the Coalition has not yet proposed such a plan. O’Brien’s response was to cite the nuclear heavy Canadian province of Ontario as an example of a power grid that is much cleaner and cheaper than here.
     However, the Ontario system runs on old, large-scale nuclear power technology that no one is proposing for Australia. It has a different cost profile, has been heavily subsidized and a new plant has not been completed for thirty years.
     An honest comparison would involve looking at the cost of SMRs today and considering what it would cost to start an industry in Australia.
     The Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), which has examined the evidence, concluded that this is near to impossible because of a lack of robust data. It says that there are only two known SMR in operation. One is in Russia on a barge, and another is in China. Both suffered serious cost overruns and delays that have become common with nuclear projects.
     According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) there are more than eighty other SMR designs in development. Only some of these could be used for generating electricity. The IAEA says that their economic competitiveness is “still to be proven in practice”.
     It will probably be years before that picture becomes any clearer. Ontario hopes to have an SMR online in 2028 and three more by the mid-2030s. O’Brien has mentioned a plan by TerraPower to build a demonstration SMR in Wyoming. It has a budget of about three billion eighty and six dollars for a plant with about one fourth of the capacity of an Australian coal power generator, and construction has been delayed. TerraPower hopes to have their SMR operating by late 2029.
     While concerns about nuclear waste remain real, the world needs all available technology to get out of fossil fuels. However, the idea that Australia should wait for an unproven technology to arrive which it already has extraordinary clean energy resources at its disposal defies all logic.
     Meanwhile, the world is in the grip of the hottest year in recorded history. The fire season has already begun in mid-September. The sea ice around Antarctica is at a record low. Credible bodies such as the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering now argue that Australia should be aiming to be net zero by 2035. By this date, if things go really well, there will only be a small handful of SMRs in operation.
     The transition away from fossil fuels is definitely challenging. There are huge policy and social license issues that need to be dealt with so that the rollout of renewable energy can accelerate. Carbon emissions from transport, major industry and agriculture are not coming down.
     Solutions are certainly available. Imagine what might be possible if all the political energy dedicated to the nuclear energy future went into developing those alternatives.

Part 1 of 2 Parts
     The Coalition and News Corp has been engaging in a vague, ideological push for nuclear power in Australia. Critics believe that this push is the latest step in a decades-long campaign of delay and denial on the climate crisis.
     Nuclear energy probably has a role to play in the global shift to zero-carbon emissions in places where it is already used or that have few other options. As is the case with many other technologies, its role may grow or recede over time as time passes.
     However, no good case has been made to support the claims that nuclear power has a place in the rapid transition underway in Australia. The reason for this is fairly obvious. The small modular reactor (SMR) technology that is being promoted does not really exist.
     This suggests that the current wave of nuclear promotion is really just an anti-renewable energy campaign. It is based on an arrogant and unsubstantiated rejection of the detailed evidence from the Australian Energy Market Operator and others that solar, wind, hydro, batteries and other support can provide a reliable, affordable, low-emissions electricity supply,
      Coincidentally or intentionally, many prominent members of the pro-nuclear and anti-renewable energy campaign dismiss climate science. Some critics do this directly. Some critics do it indirectly by arguing that there is no urgency to act.
     The primary sources of this climate change rejection are the federal Coalition, the Australian newspaper and the misinformation channel of Sky News After Dark. The Australian often runs unquestioning news stories claiming multibillion-dollar “black holes” in renewable energy plans which are based on flawed analysis by former mining executives. But then it devotes pages to criticizing an estimate by Chris Bowen’s energy department that says that nuclear energy would be really expensive.
     The Australian is a newspaper that gives more space to contrarian campaigns by individual scientists who claim that the Great Barrier Reef is not under threat and the Bureau of Meteorology’s temperature records cannot be trusted than it does to the overwhelming consensus of thousands of peer-reviewed science papers.
     The Coalition’s position on nuclear power is a little more slippery. To be fair, the last election was only sixteen months ago, and it is reasonable that it has not yet developed an energy policy. However, the language that it employs is not that of a party gently exploring an idea. Peter Dutton has asserted that Australia could build nuclear power plants, which are banned, on the site of existing coal-fired power plants.
     The Coalition considered and rejected abolishing the nuclear power ban while it was in power for almost nine years. Then, the party stuck to its status quo on climate. This included promoting a subsidized “gas fired recovery” that never took place. Now, Dutton and Ted O’Brien, the energy and climate spokesperson, talk about nuclear power as the obvious solution and mock those who back the rollout of renewable energy and new transmission lines.
     O’Brien said that the cost of introducing nuclear power in Australia “depends on the way that you model it”, which may be true but does not mean much.
Please read Part 2 next

     Ernst Kuipers is the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports for the Netherlands. He has confirmed that full funding has been allocated for the one billion eight hundred thousand dollars of estimated public investment required for the Pallas research reactor in Petten, the Netherlands.
    Kuipers said last September that his ministry was set to spend one hundred and thirty-seven million dollars per year. He also said that the process of getting approval under European Union state aid rules was also under way.
     Berthold Leeftink is the CEO of NRG-Pallas. NRG and Pallas are being fused together to form a single organization. He said, “This decision is confirmation that the Pallas reactor is of strategic importance for the Netherlands and Europe. It will strengthen the security of medical isotopes supply for nuclear medicine. For patients, it means faster access to innovative (cancer) treatments.”
     Leeftink went on to say that it would help the Netherlands expand its position in the world market for medical isotopes and nuclear research. “It will preserve high-quality knowledge and employment in the North Holland headland”.
     Peter Dijk is the Pallas program director. He called the announcement “tremendous news … with this decision we can proceed with the preparatory works and attract a contractor for realization of the new build”.
     The Pallas research reactor is to be constructed at Petten to replace the existing High Flux Reactor (HFR). The forty-five-megawatt HFR started operating in September of 1960. Since then, its use has largely been shifted from nuclear materials testing to fundamental nuclear research and production of medical radioisotopes. The reactor is operated by NRG on behalf of the European Union’s Joint Research Center. It has been providing about sixty percent of Europe’s and thirty percent of the rest of the world’s medical radioactivity sources for decades. Pallas will be a “tank in pool” type reactor with a thermal power of around fifty-five megawatts. It will be able to deploy its neutron flux more efficiently and effectively than the old HFR.
     In May of this year, work began on the foundations of the research reactor building after the Authority for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection granted a construction license for the research reactor last February.
      NRG-Pallas claims that the reactor “will guarantee large-scale diagnostic and therapeutic isotopes for millions of patients worldwide over the next 60 years”. It goes on to say that around two hundred thousand patient treatments with therapeutic isotopes take place every years in Europe. This number is expected to rise by about eight percent a year. “Targeted and personalized therapies are very promising because they can be used much more precisely than traditional treatments – this innovative approach has fewer harmful side effects, and is more effective and less stressful for the patient”.
     The research reactor will be located at the Energy & Health Campus in Petten. Construct will be able to proceed if the Netherland parliament does not object to the creation of a new state-owned company and if the European Commission approves of the public investment.