Part 2 of 2 Parts (Please read Part 1 first)
     Russian Co-60 production in the reactors of the Leningrad nuclear power plant which are closing in 2018 and 2027 is being replace with Co-60 production at new reactors at Kursk and Smolensk. In Canada, the Pickering reactors operated by Ontario Power Generation (OPG) that have produced Co-60 since the 1970s have been scheduled to shut down in 2024. However, life extension to 2025 and refurbishment are now being considered for these reactors. The Darlington reactors also operated by OPG are being refurbished and will be converted to Co-60 production. 
    Currently, most of the world’s Co-60 is produced in Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) pressurized heavy water reactors and a limited number Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalnyy (RBMK) light water graphite-moderated reactors. The best opportunity to significantly increase the availability of Co-60 is to develop production in new reactor types.
     There are about four hundred and forty commercial nuclear reactors in operation around the globe. More than three hundred of them are pressurized water reactors (PWRs). This has made the PWRs the reactor platform of choice for future Co-60 production. Nordion is the world’s largest manufacturer of Co-60 radiation sources used for sterilization. In February of 2020, Nordion announced that it was partnering with Westinghouse to develop large scale production of Co-60 in PWRs. At the IMRP20 meeting in November of 2022, Westinghouse updated the radiation processing industry on its progress and timeline for this important initiative. Production of Co-60 in PWRs would be highly scalable with the capacity to double existing production volumes form PWRs in the U.S. alone.
      Other Co-60 initiatives include the announcement in December of 2021 that Framatome and Exelon Generation will cooperate to understand and develop solutions to produce Co-60 in PWRs operated by Exelon Generation. In June of 2020, Nuclearelectrica Romania announced that its 2020-2025 strategic investment plan includes the study of Co-60 production at tis Cernavoda nuclear power plant. Design and implementation are targeted to be completed by 2027.
     The healthcare industry has relied on Co-60 since the 1960s when demand for sterilization began to increase. The technology is now applied globally by an international network of irradiation facilities backed up by a robust regulatory infrastructure. There are alternatives to Co-60 technology for sterilization. However, these alternatives do no have the capacity to meet existing demands or the infrastructure to allow for rapid growth to meet future demand.
     The production of Co-60 in nuclear reactors remains critical to healthcare. Steps are underway to increase Co-60 production. Co-60 supply volumes have started to increase but not at the rate of increasing demand. The International Irradiation Association represents the radiation processing industry. It supports all the initiatives that will allow meeting the demand for sterilization of health care products. It also encourages reactor operators to engage with the nuclear industry on Co-60 production. In addition to the provision of clean energy, the production of isotopes in support of health care remains a highly positive contribution of the nuclear industry to societal wellbeing.

Ambient office = 127 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 102 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 100 nanosieverts per hour

Avocado from Central Market = 70 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 92 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 72 nanosieverts per hour

Part 1 of 2 Parts
    Radioactive isotopes are used extensively in the healthcare industry. The gamma radiation from radioactive isotope Cobalt-60 (Co-60) is critical to healthcare. Demand is growing rapidly and it is important to increase production to expand the supply.
      Co-60 is manufactured in some nuclear reactors. It is used to sterilize about forty percent of single-use medical devices around the globe. These devices include such items as syringes, catheters, IV sets, surgical gloves and gauze that are utilized in a wide range of healthcare applications. A patient in surgery, wound care or giving a blood sample is very likely to be treated with products that have been sterilized with Co-60. This process is referred to as irradiation or radiation processing.
     Other important uses for Co-60 include non-invasive treatment of cancers and brain tumors, polymer processing, food treatment and environmental applications.
      The demand for Co-60 to be used for sterilization is increasing at rates never seen before. This is partially due to an increasing and aging population, greater access to health care and the development of new devices that will require sterilization. The typically reported growth rate is currently six to eight percent per year. The demand for sterilization is estimated to double over the next ten years. Some sectors such as the biopharmaceutical industry that is switching to single use systems are experiencing growth at much higher double digit rates. However, they only represent a small proportion of current sterilization demand.
     In recent years, the pressure on vaccine supply has concentrated Co-60 for sterilization and, in some case, a backlog has appeared. In a recent conference titled International Meeting on Radiation Processing (IMRP20) held in November 2022, the increasing gap between sterilization capacity and demand was singled out as a highly significant concern of the healthcare industry.
     Co-60 is currently produced in a small number of nuclear reactors located in Argentina, Canada, China, India and Russia. This Co-60 is manufactured into radiation sources by a few specialist manufacturers that serve the radiation processing industry. Most of the Co-60 produced in China and India and some produced in Argentine is used to supply only their local markets. This means that most of the rest of the world’s Co-60 is supplied by Canada and Russia. Most of this Co-60 is contracted to one Canadian source manufacturer.
     During the time of increasing sterilization demand, there have been a few disruptions that have caused problems for Co-60 production. These include a brief period of reduced supply from one Russia reactor as well as the temporary shutdown for refurbishment of some existing Co-60 production reactors in Canada and Argentina. Reactor refurbishment is critical to extend the life of Co-60 production reactors. These initiatives will enable existing reactors to continue Co-60 production for another twenty-five to thirty years.
     Some Co-60 production reactors have been permanently closed in recent years. However, a variety of initiatives have resulted in the production of Co-60 being replaced or exceeded by the production of new or refurbished reactors.
Please read Part 2 next

Ambient office = 122 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 120 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 119 nanosieverts per hour

Asparagus from Central Market = 34 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 91 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 83 nanosieverts per hour

     Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB) is Sweden’s radioactive waste management company. SKB has just submitted an application to the Radiation Safety Authority, (SSM) to extend the existing Final Repository for Short-lived Radioactive Waste (SFR) at Fosmark. Fosmark is located on the east coast of Sweden. The company has plans to expand the repository to almost three times its current size so that it can receive demolition waste from decommissioned Swedish commercial nuclear power plants.
     The SKB application includes the preliminary safety analysis report (PSAR). This is a report on safety during the construction phase, system descriptions and a decommissioning plan. SKB cannot begin work to excavate rock for the extension of the SFR until SSM has approved.
     Jenny Brandefelt is the project leader. She said, “The analyses are now updated with refined methods, data and calculations, while the conclusion from previous analyses remains firm: the plant is safe both during operation and after closure. It certainly feels satisfying that the updated analyses continue to show a safe facility in both the short and long-term”.
     The SFR repository is situated almost two hundred feet below the bottom of the Baltic Sea. It began operations in 1988. The facility contains four five hundred- and sixty-five-foot rock vaults. It also contains a chamber cut into the bedrock with a one hundred- and sixty-five-foot concrete silo to hold the most radioactive waste. Two parallel access tunnels that are three thousand two hundred and eighty feet long provide access from the facility to the surface. The facility currently has a total final disposal capacity of about eighty-two thousand cubic yards.
     Most of the short-lived waste deposited in the SFR was produced from Swedish nuclear power plants. However, radioactive waste from hospitals, veterinary medicine, research and industry are also stored in the repository.
     SKB applied in December of 2014 for permission to triple the size of the repository to about twenty-three thousand five hundred cubic yards. The application was submitted to the government by the Land and Environment Court and the SSM in November of 2019. In April of 2021, the extension was approved by the municipality of Östhammar, where the repository is located. The matter was referred back to SSM and the Court following a government decision in December of 2021 to approve the extension.
     SKB received an environmental permit from the Land and Environment Court for the extension in December of 2022. That permit regulates noise and transport among other things.
     The plan for the extended repository will include six new rock vaults. The new vaults will be up to nine hundred feet long. The extension will be constructed at a depth of up to four hundred and sixty feet. It will be level with the current lowest part of the SFR repository.
     The SFR expansion is expected to require six years to complete. In the first phase, earthworks, water treatment plants, and other infrastructure will be put in place. In the second phase, tunnelling work in the rock underground will be carried out.

Ambient office = 125 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 162 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 157 nanosieverts per hour

Tomato from Central Market = 70 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 100 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 74 nanosieverts per hour