Ambient office = 112 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 169 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 158 nanosieverts per hour

White onion from Central Market = 97 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 87 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 70 nanosieverts per hour

Dover Sole from Central = 106 nanosieverts per hour

     Tyler Spano is a nuclear security scientist at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). She and her colleagues carried out an examination of previously understudied phases of uranium oxide. (Different crystalline structures are considered phases.) The phases they studied are beta (β-), delta (δ-), epsilon UO3 (ε-UO3) and beta U3O8 (β-U3O8). Each phase has a unique pattern that can reveal when something extraordinary happened to lead to its creation. This will help organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency investigate unintended mistakes or blatant misuse of nuclear material.
     Spano said, “There are still unanswered questions, and we are trying to clarify these long-standing questions in literature.”
     Many uranium oxide phases were identified decades ago but they have remained poorly understood. The α phase of U3O8, for example, is common, but the β phase is formed under unusual conditions.
     Spano and her team focused on uranium oxide phases during her postdoctoral work at ORNL. As far as she could tell, no one was working on identifying the β, δ, or ε phases. She said, “I focused on these three because they’re more exotic.” Her findings for β-UO3, δ-UO3 and ε-UO3 were published recently. Spano also helped to publish the Raman spectrum of β-U3O8 in collaboration with Andrew Miskowiec who is the group leader for Materials and Chemistry at ORNL.
     Many scientists are interested in uranium oxide phase. They conduct experiments with radiological material which require special precautions and dedicated instrumentation for materials analysis. These are areas in which ORNL excels. The uranium oxides are common byproducts of uranium processing. The new findings will assist the nonproliferation community to better develop tools to understand these materials.
     Spano and her team used several different analytical methods to observe uranium oxides under different conditions. X-ray diffractions helped them to identify the chemical phases of uranium oxide.
     Miskowiec said, “The way UO3 moves through the exotic phases is a little unusual. My team is working on the foundational science to be able to identify these materials if we observe them in the real world and to understand the unusual conditions that led to how they were formed.”
     The discoveries from this research also contribute to science beyond national security missions. Specifically, the structure of ε-UO3 is of interest for novel reprocessing methods which are being studied at ORNL and internationally. The detailed knowledge of the structure of this particular phase is especially useful in comprehending the material’s physical properties and performing reaction rate measurements.
     Miskowiec’s team will continue to explore new ways to catalog materials utilized in the nuclear fuel cycle. The mysterious amorphous phase of UO3 does not have long-range crystallographic order. Because of this peculiarity, the structure cannot be examined using X-ray diffraction. However, information can still be obtained from the Raman spectrum.
     Miskowiec said, “Some of these compounds are made from specific processes, which gives us a very specific piece of information. It’s not only important to identify the compound, but also to have an understanding of its formation conditions.”

Ambient office = 109 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 162 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 165 nanosieverts per hour

Tomato from Central Market = 79 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 97 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 74 nanosieverts per hour

Part 2 of 2 Parts (Please read Part 1 first)
     While some observers claim that Yoon’s comments in the newspaper interview didn’t reveal much about new developments on the issue, Moon said that Yoon might have attempted to emphasize efforts to boost the effectiveness of the U.S. extended deterrence because N.K. is escalating its nuclear threats against S.K. In the interview, Yoon said that he finds it difficult to assure his people of a security guarantee with the apparent levels of U.S. security commitment.
     Park Won Gon is a professor at Ewha Womans University. He said, “This is an unnecessary dispute. Neither side was talking inaccurately. The extended deterrence is a commitment and a promise but not a treaty or a binding one. For S.K., they trust the U.S. but think there should be ways to institutionalize it because North Korea’s nuclear threats are rising. To do so, (the joint) planning and execution are the key.”
     S.K. has no nuclear weapons and is under the protection of a U.S. “nuclear umbrella.” This guarantees a devastating U.S. response in the event of an attack on S.K. However, some experts question the effectiveness of such a security commitment. They say that the decision to use U.S. nuclear weapons lies entirely with the U.S. president.
     Last year, N.K. test-launched over seventy ballistic and other missiles capable of reaching S.K., Japan, and even the U.S. mainline. Last September, N.K. also adopted a new law that authorized the preemptive use of nuclear weapons in a broad ranges of cases, including non-war scenarios.
     During a recent ruling party meeting, N.K. leader Kim Jong Un ordered the “exponential” expansion of his country’s nuclear arsenal. The new law also provides for the mass-production of tactical nuclear weapons for use in an attack on S.K. Kim also mentioned the development of a new ICBM capable of a “quick nuclear counter strike”.
     Last Wednesday, Yoon ordered S.K. officials to consider cancelling a tension-reduction deal with N.K. if the North launches provocations that violate S.K.’s territory. A report on Yoon’s orders said that he issued the instructions during a meeting to discuss N.K.’s recent flying of drones that Yoon says crossed the DMZ for the first time in five years.
     Yoon’s office did not provide many details about his government’s discussions with the U.S. Some observers say that S.K. is trying to obtain a greater role in the U.S. decision-making process on the deployment of its nuclear assets in times of tension with N.K.
      Kim Taewoo is the former head of S.K.’s Korea Institute for National Unification. He said that the reported S.K-U.S. discussion probably “benchmarked a NATO-style nuclear-sharing arrangement” that allows NATO member states’ warplanes to carry U.S nuclear weapons. He also remarked that the discussion still appears to be falling short of the NATO arrangement because possible nuclear exercises between the two countries would probably be S.K. Air Force aircraft escorting U.S. aircraft simulating nuclear strikes on N.K. during joint drills. Taewoo said, “North Korea would take this sensitively. (South Korea and the U.S.) are discussing this to get North Korea to take this sensitively … because that can be a deterrence against North Korea.”

Ambient office = 95 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 161 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 158 nanosieverts per hour

Russet potato from Central Market = 91 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 98 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 91 nanosieverts per hour

Part 1 of 2 Parts
     Talks with the U.S. on management of U.S. nuclear weapons on the Korean Peninsula are proceeding between South Korean (S.K.) officials and U.S. officials. U.S. President Biden denied that the two countries were discussing joint nuclear exercises while S.K. maintained that they were discussing involvement with U.S. nuclear weapons management because of increasing threats from North Korea (N.K.).
     The alleged difference between S.K. and the U.S. arose as S.K. is seeking a greater U.S. security commitment after North Korea’s record number of recent missile tests. The revision of the nuclear doctrine of N.K. last year is causing great concern among many South Koreans.
     Some analysts say that S.K.’s statement on the discussion is probably based on an agreement between their defense officials in November to conduct table-top exercises, usually computer simulations, annually. In addition, there were discussions of further strengthening the alliance’s information sharing, joint planning and execution. Last November, the alliance also reaffirmed the U.S. commitment to provide extended deterrence. This was a reference to a U.S. promise to use full U.S. capabilities, including nuclear weapons, to protect its allies.
     In a recent interview published last Monday, S.K. President Yoon Suk Yeol said that S.K. and the U.S. were pushing for joint planning and training involving U.S. nuclear assets. He said that the U.S. responded positively to the idea. Asked by a reporter after the interview was published about whether the U.S. and S.K. were discussing joint nuclear exercise, President Biden said “No.”
      After Biden’s comments created a brief stir in S.K., Yoon’s top adviser for press affairs, Kim Eun-hye, issued a statement Tuesday to reconfirm the earlier remarks by Yoon. Kim said that the two countries “are discussing an intel-sharing, a joint planning and subsequent joint execution plans over the management of U.S. nuclear assets in response to North Korea’s nuclear (threats).”
      The U.S. National Security Council issued a statement last Tuesday that stated that Biden and Yoon “tasked their teams to plan for an effective coordinated response to a range of scenarios, including nuclear use by North Korea.”
      A senior Biden administration official said U.S. and S.K. are expected to hold table-top exercises soon to lay out a potential joint response to a ranges of scenarios. These scenarios include deployment of a nuclear weapon by N.K. The official quoted requested anonymity when discussing such planning.
      Moon Seong Mook is an analyst for the Seoul-based Korea Research Institute for National Strategy. He said that Yoon was probably referring to the November agreement on the alliance’s capabilities. He added that these definitely include U.S. nuclear assets that are essential to the U.S. extended deterrence commitment.
     Moon, a retired brigadier general, went on to say, “South Korea isn’t a nuclear state, so it won’t be likely South Korea jointly using U.S. nuclear weapons. But the wording (in the November agreement) meant that South and the U.S. would consult on the operations of U.S. nukes from the planning stage until the training stage.”
Please read Part 2 next

Ambient office = 141 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 158 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 163 nanosieverts per hour

Red bell pepper from Central Market = 123 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 122 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 105 nanosieverts per hour