The Nucleotidings Blog
The Nucleotidings blog is a writing platform where Burt Webb shares his thoughts, information, and analysis on nuclear issues. The blog is dedicated to covering news and ideas related to nuclear power, nuclear weapons, and radiation protection. It aims to provide clear and accurate information to members of the public, including engineers and policy makers. Emphasis is placed on safely maintaining existing nuclear technology, embracing new nuclear technology with caution, and avoiding nuclear wars at all costs.

Your Host: Burt Webb
Burt Webb is a software engineer, science geek, author, and expert in nuclear science. Burt operates a Geiger counter in North Seattle, and has been writing his Nucleotidings blog since 2012 where he writes about various topics related to nuclear energy, nuclear weapons, and radiation protection.

Burt Webb has published several technical books and novels. He works as a software consultant.

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Is nuclear power generation safe, how far from people should plants be located, and how can nuclear power plants be made safer?

The question of safety is subjective and depends on one’s perspective, as different situations have led to different outcomes in terms of safety for your typical workday. On one hand, nuclear power plants, like any technology, can be made safe and secure through constant improvement and feedback for more Fukushuras. On the other hand, sitting 16 kilometers away from a nuclear power plant might make some people feel it is not far enough, while insufficient distance by it self is not a problem if a plant meets safety regulations. Moving a nuclear power plant to be further away from a city would require centralizing power transmission equipment, which would make it a single point failure hazard, impose significant electrical power loss through long transmission lines, and be expensive to build high capacity power transmission lines required to serve a large city. Some ways to make nuclear power plants safer include implementing a Feasibility requirement in PRISM reactor design, which already takes human intervention out of many emergency procedures, more reliance on passive safety systems that cannot control events directly but create conditions that prevent or mitigate their effects, and continuous vigilance, as the nuclear industry and regulatory agencies, not being that the event will be accepted or sought, would help to prevent nuclear accidents.

What do you mean by “Fukushuras”?

“Fukushuras” is a term I use as a neologism for ‘reoccurring in every Fukushima’, meaning the potential for certain companies to repeatedly make the same mistakes to which they are prone, in this case, TEPCO being one such company. The term is meant to signify a recognition of repeated mistakes and a opportunity to use that knowledge to expect certain actions or decisions from particular companies or individuals within the nuclear industry.

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  • Nuclear Reactors 1456 – Lost Package Of Selenium-75 Found At Spanish Airport

    Nuclear Reactors 1456 – Lost Package Of Selenium-75 Found At Spanish Airport

         A frantic hunt was undertaken on the evening of December 18th for a missing radioactive package which ‘failed’ to arrive at Madrid’s Barajas Airport. Spain’s Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) raised the alarm yesterday evening over the transport package with ‘four radioactive sources’ of ‘very dangerous’ Selenium-75. Local reports said the CSN had sent a team of inspectors to the airport to try to gain more information.
         El Pais is a major Spanish media outlet. It reported that the CSN eventually located the package, and it was deactivated. It was not immediately revealed how the transport container with the radioactive package had gone missing in the first place.
         The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) uses the following categories to cover the danger of a radioactive source:
    Category 1
         Personally extremely dangerous: This amount of radioactive material, if not safely managed or securely protected, would be likely to cause permanent injury to a person who handled it, or were otherwise in contact with it, for more than a few minutes. It would probably be fatal to be close to this amount of unshielded material for a period of a few minutes to an hour. highly soluble in water.
    Category 2
         Personally very dangerous: This amount of radioactive material, if not safely managed or securely protected, could cause permanent injury to a person who handled it, or were otherwise in contact with it, for a short time (minutes to hours). It could possibly be fatal to be close to this amount of unshielded radioactive material for a period of hours to days. water.
    Category 3
         Personally dangerous: This amount of radioactive material, if not safely managed or securely protected, could cause permanent injury to a person who handled it, or were otherwise in contact with it, for some hours. It could possibly be fatal to be close to this amount of unshielded radioactive material for a period of days to weeks.
    Category 4
         Unlikely to be dangerous: It is very unlikely that anyone would be permanently injured by this amount of radioactive material. However, this amount of unshielded radioactive material, if not safely managed or securely protected, could possibly temporarily injure someone who handled it or were otherwise in contact with it, or who were close to it for a period of many weeks
    Category 5
         Not dangerous: No one could be permanently injured by this amount of radioactive material.
         Before the package was recovered, CSN recommended that anyone who came across the package should avoid touching it and immediately alert the authorities. The package was rated as a Category 2 hazard from the categories listed above.
         Selenium-75 is a radioactive isotope that has radiopharmaceutical uses. Selenium-75 sources are also utilized on offshore oil rigs and at power plants during outages.
         Travelers at Gatwick airport missed flights after being stuck in huge queues
         The CSN said in its first comments about the package scare, “The CSN has sent a team of three inspectors to Barajas Airport to find out more details about the incident and try to confirm whether the package has arrived at the airport. The CSN is in constant contact with the Community of Madrid.”
         The radioactive material was housed in a B (U) container, model NE4C. It should have arrived at the cargo terminal at the airport.
         The CSN noted that “All the radioactive sources are properly encapsulated and shielded to avoid radiation to the outside. The four radioactive sources are Category 2 on a scale of one to five established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
         In February of this year, Barcelona Airport’s Terminal One was partially sealed off after it was discovered that the outer packaging of a box containing medical material with radioactive substances had broken open. The damaged box was found in the hold of a Swiss Airline plane flying between Barcelona and Zurich.
         Firefighters specializing in chemical hazards were dispatched to the scene. There were also special emergency responders, although no medical assistance was required.

    Spain’s Nuclear Safety Council 

  • Geiger Readings for Dec 23, 2024

    Geiger Readings for Dec 23, 2024

    Ambient office = 79 nanosieverts per hour

    Ambient outside = 94 nanosieverts per hour

    Soil exposed to rain water = 95 nanosieverts per hour

    Avocado from Central Market = 115 nanosieverts per hour

    Tap water = 85 nanosieverts per hour

    Filter water = 68 nanosieverts per hour

  • Geiger Readings for Dec 22, 2024

    Geiger Readings for Dec 22, 2024

    Ambient office = 72 nanosieverts per hour

    Ambient outside = 100 nanosieverts per hour

    Soil exposed to rain water = 99 nanosieverts per hour

    Red bell pepper from Central Market = 103 nanosieverts per hour

    Tap water = 81 nanosieverts per hour

    Filter water = 69 nanosieverts per hour

  • Geiger Readings for Dec 21, 2024

    Geiger Readings for Dec 21, 2024

    Ambient office = 73 nanosieverts per hour

    Ambient outside = 96 nanosieverts per hour

    Soil exposed to rain water = 96 nanosieverts per hour

    Mini cucumber from Central Market = 111 nanosieverts per hour

    Tap water = 108 nanosieverts per hour

    Filter water = 92 nanosieverts per hour

    Dover Sole from Central = 95 nanosieverts per hour

  • Nuclear Fusion 99 – The U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s Hartree Centre and IBM Are Collaborating To Inject AI Into Nuclear Fusion Research

    Nuclear Fusion 99 – The U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s Hartree Centre and IBM Are Collaborating To Inject AI Into Nuclear Fusion Research

         Two U.K. public sector entities – the U.K. Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) and the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s Hartree Centre (STF) – are collaborating with US-headquartered technology firm IBM to design future experimental fusion power plants.
         The partnership intends to unite fusion scientists and Artificial Intelligence (AI) experts from the three organizations to achieve transformative breakthroughs in applying AI to fusion power plant designs and experimental facility operations. The collaboration will combine the Hartree Centre and IBM’s expertise in AI and high-performance computing, with UKAEA’s data and modelling capabilities. They will create a ‘frontier’ or ‘foundation model’ capable of learning and underpinning the fundamental dynamics of experimental fusion data. The UKAEA is the U.K.’s national organization responsible for researching and delivering fusion energy. It will provide program requirements, domain expertise and selected data from its JET and MAST-U machines.
         IBM said, “Our approach to-date for designing these complex machines has been one of ‘test-based design’ – ie an iterative approach of ‘learning by doing’. Unfortunately, measured against the demanding timeline for decarbonizing and transitioning economies into the Net-Zero era, test-based design for fusion has now become too slow and too expensive.”

         IBM added, “It is essential therefore that the fusion sector adopts the latest digital technologies to accelerate and de-risk the delivery of commercial fusion power – for operations and for plant design. In short, we must move the dial which represents how we design complex strongly coupled fusion systems away from test-based design and towards the digital world of simulation and ‘data centric’ engineering.”
         The new collaboration is expected to develop foundation models that can learn the underpinning dynamics of the UKAEA’s fusion plasma/plant experimental data. This will allow the generation of new information and new capabilities that will feed into various applications, including training downstream models for simulation and/or prediction. Utilizing these techniques, the models will ‘learn’ from past experiments. Ideally, these models will evolve ‘incrementally’ whereby they will ingest live experimental data.
         Rob Akers is the UKAEA Director of Computing Programs. He said, “I am delighted that we are joining forces with IBM and STFC’s Hartree Centre to work on our ambitious program aiming to deliver commercial fusion in the 2040s by exploiting the transformative power of Artificial Intelligence. IBM’s expertise in complex systems engineering and supercomputing and the Hartree Centre’s expertise in democratizing high-performance computing and AI into the engineering sector, combined with UKAEA’s leading research and development in fusion energy will be a powerful force for progress in this hugely important field.”
         Vassil Alexandrov is the Chief Science Officer at national computing center, STFC Hartree Centre. He said, “I am really very pleased that, thanks to our well-established collaborations with both IBM and UKAEA, we can now come together to address a key grand challenge and advance state-of-the-art in modelling and simulation of fusion powerplants, thereby supporting the UK’s ambition to become a global leader in clean energy innovation.”
         Juan Bernabe-Moreno is the Director of IBM Research Europe, U.K. and Ireland. He commented, “I am especially excited to see our team exploring together with the UKAEA and the Hartree Centre experts how we can use generative AI technologies to approach one of the most challenging problems of our time. It is certainly a testament to the kind of research we are driving in the UK for the greater good.”

    Hartree Centre

  • Geiger Readings for Dec 20, 2024

    Geiger Readings for Dec 20, 2024

    Ambient office = 72 nanosieverts per hour

    Ambient outside = 122 nanosieverts per hour

    Soil exposed to rain water = 122 nanosieverts per hour

    Garlic bulb from Central Market = 102 nanosieverts per hour

    Tap water = 106 nanosieverts per hour

    Filter water = 89 nanosieverts per hour