The World Nuclear Exhibition has just ended in Paris, France. There were over nine thousand attendees for around the world and six hundred and eighty exhibitors. The Exhibition is held every two years and is dedicated to vendors and discussions of nuclear safety and the global nuclear supply chain. Three topics of interest at the Exhibition were equipment qualification; counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items (CFSI) and localizing the nuclear supply change.
       It is difficult for a manufacturer to introduce a new component into the nuclear supply chain because of the complexity and variety in the global regulatory environment. It is a risk for customers in the reactor business to try out new technologies because the nuclear industry is a small part of energy technology and there is a lack of international standards with which to evaluate a piece of equipment. Both of these problems need to address by cooperation among all the major stakeholders in the nuclear industry.
       With respect to CFSI, the focus has tended to be detecting fraud by monitoring processes. Lately, there have been more fraudulent items showing up in the global nuclear supply chain. The focus on detection is reactive. Processes are changed after fraud is detected. Recently there has been a call for changing the focus to corporate culture and prevention as the first line of defense against CFSI.
      It is difficult if not impossible for a reactor under construction or in need of spare parts to obtain those parts in country. Quite often, these components have to be ordered from other countries. The company working on the reactor has to examine the arriving parts to see if they are authentic. This means that it is important that the parts be ordered from factories with sterling reputations and a commitment to nuclear safety. There is a call to invest in a culture of responsibility and quality in the global nuclear supply chain.
        One major problem for the global nuclear industry is the fact that each country or association has its own set of rules and regulations with respect to nuclear reactors and nuclear materials. Sometimes, regulations can be so ambiguous that sincere vendors are not sure how to comply with them. On the other hand, they may violate some rule without even knowing it.
        When components are ordered from other countries, it can be difficult to satisfy the requirements of all the different countries that the component may pass through. Manufacturers and licenses really wish that this would change. Some agency with familiarity with the whole global system should move toward global standards. Local suppliers should take the lead in satisfying local rules and regulations. Working with global groups, local suppliers could find new markets.
        With the increasing pressure to build nuclear reactors to combat climate change and the marketing push by Russia and China, it is very important for the global nuclear supply chain to pull itself together and provide a culture where the problems detailed above can be solved and implemented.

Ambient office  = 100 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 162 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 166 nanosieverts per hour

Zucinni from Central Market = 59 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 82 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 73 nanosieverts per hour

I have been saying for years that in the end it will be a matter of economics that will end the use of nuclear power in the United States. It will either be the steady drop of prices for renewables and the cheap fossil fuels that will scare off investors or it will be the massive public rejection of nuclear power after another major nuclear accident.
       The International Energy Agency just released a new report with the title World Energy Investment 2018. According to the report, the world invested about one trillion eight hundred billion dollars in energy last year. This represented a decline of about two percent over the previous year. Most of this decline took place in the power generation sector where there were fewer new builds of coal, hydro and nuclear energy sources. Although there was increase investments in solar photovoltaics, they were not enough to offset the decline in traditional generating capacity. Over seven hundred and fifty billion dollars were spent in the electricity sector in 2017 while seven hundred and fifteen billion were spent on oil and gas supplies. Investments in renewables and energy efficiency fell by three percent in 2017.
       Four new reactors were commissioned in 2017.
Three of those were in China. Over five gigawatts of nuclear generating capacity was retired in 2017. The net result was a two gigawatt loss of nuclear generating capacity worldwide. In the last ten years, nuclear generating capacity has risen by about ten gigawatts. Plants that will generate sixty gigawatts of nuclear power are under construction globally but only three gigawatts of that is represented by new construction starts.
       About half of the total investment in nuclear power last year involved modernization and upgrades of existing commercial power reactors. The IAE said, “Large investments have recently been made in OECD countries to extend lifetime operation and power uprates of the existing nuclear fleet. In general, spending on existing plants yields more output per dollar invested.”
        In the past five years, nuclear power plants with a combined capacity of over forty gigawatts have been authorized to extend their operations life time beyond the original forty years for which they were licensed. For comparison, funding for such purposes over the last five years was about seven billion dollars a year which is three times the annual average investment in the previous five years.
       The IEA said that, “Assuming these plants run an extra ten years, generation from lifetime extensions over the past five years is equivalent to 15% of expected lifetime output from solar PV and wind investments over the same period, at just 3% of the cost. At 20 years of long-term operation, the output from these upgrades would be equivalent to one-third of expected lifetime output from the solar PV and wind investments.”
       The IEA report states that with proper supportive regulatory and technical factors taken into account, extending the life time of existing nuclear power reactors could be, “a cost-effective transitional measure for maintaining low-carbon generation in the face of uncertainties for new nuclear plant development or that for other low-carbon sources”.
       The report said that both direct and indirect government financing would remain a very important factor in nuclear power investment. The government is also important with respect to other areas of concern such as market structure, price regulation and financing. The report also mentioned that “Most investment in new nuclear capacity has occurred in markets where the government retains full ownership or a majority stake in most of the utilities.”

Ambient office  = 126 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 168 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 140 nanosieverts per hour

Scallion from Central Market = 84 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 84 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 77 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient office  = 94 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 133 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 138 nanosieverts per hour

Peach from Central Market = 105 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 94 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 84 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient office  = 89 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 150 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 154 nanosieverts per hour

Avocado from Central Market = 67 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 56 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 52 nanosieverts per hour

Dover sole – Caught in USA = 87 nanosieverts per hour