I have already written about the Yucca Mountain Repository Project in a previous post including mentioning the cancellation of the project. The cancellation was complex, confusing and politically charged. I decided that I needed to dig deeper into the subject.
We have been covering a lot of issues involving disposal of nuclear waste. There is a process called “vitrification” that helps prepare nuclear waste for disposal. The specific meaning of the term is the process of turning something into a glass. For substances that have a glass phase, vitrification would consist of causing the substance to undergo phase transition to its glass state. Chemical processes can also result the creation of a glass.
Writing this blog has been a very educational experience. I have been aware of the problem of disposal of nuclear waste for a long time but lately I have been delving into the details. I knew that the Yucca Mountain Repository Project had had all its funding pulled recently, leaving the United States without any long term plan for permanent disposal. In addition, I found that the U.S.
Some elements are transmuted to other elements in nuclear reactors. This process is called nuclear transmutation. One of the options discussed for disposal of some radioactive materials is to intentionally convert them to other less radioactive elements in a reactor or with another source of radiation.
As we discussed in a previous post, one of the standard solutions for getting rid of things that we do not want is to bury them. While nuclear waste depositories for the most part utilize existing exhausted mines, an alternative is to drill extremely deep holes into the earth to dispose of nuclear waste.
Another option for burial of high-level radioactive waste such as spent nuclear fuel rods is burial at sea where it would not be disturbed by geological processes or human activity.
There are hundreds of thousands of tons of depleted uranium hexafluoride in temporary storage in the United States. A very small amount has been used in the manufacture of such things as tank armor, armor piercing artillery, shields for industrial radioactive materials and other applications.
When nuclear fuel has been burned in a reactor and there is no permanent disposal site, there is an alternative to storing the spent fuel rods after they have cooled off in a pool of water for at least a year. Spent fuel rods can be stored in steel cylinders in what is called ‘dry cask’ storage.
While the United States has been struggling with the Yucca Mountain site for nuclear waste disposal, other countries have been operating or planning repositories.
Sweden has been operating a repository since 1988. Finland has one that has been in operation since 1992 and another that opened in 1998. Germany operated one that closed in 1995 and another that closed in 1998. The US has been operating a repository for transuranic wastes since 1999.
In 1957, the National Academy of Sciences of the United States recommended long term burial as the best solution for permanent disposal of nuclear wastes. Starting in 1978, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has been studying Yucca Mountain in Nevada as a possible site for the first long term geological repository for U.S. The U.S.
