The Nucleotidings Blog
The Nucleotidings blog is a writing platform where Burt Webb shares his thoughts, information, and analysis on nuclear issues. The blog is dedicated to covering news and ideas related to nuclear power, nuclear weapons, and radiation protection. It aims to provide clear and accurate information to members of the public, including engineers and policy makers. Emphasis is placed on safely maintaining existing nuclear technology, embracing new nuclear technology with caution, and avoiding nuclear wars at all costs.
Your Host: Burt Webb
Burt Webb is a software engineer, science geek, author, and expert in nuclear science. Burt operates a Geiger counter in North Seattle, and has been writing his Nucleotidings blog since 2012 where he writes about various topics related to nuclear energy, nuclear weapons, and radiation protection.
Burt Webb has published several technical books and novels. He works as a software consultant.
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Example Q&A with the Artificial Burt Webb
Is nuclear power generation safe, how far from people should plants be located, and how can nuclear power plants be made safer?
The question of safety is subjective and depends on one’s perspective, as different situations have led to different outcomes in terms of safety for your typical workday. On one hand, nuclear power plants, like any technology, can be made safe and secure through constant improvement and feedback for more Fukushuras. On the other hand, sitting 16 kilometers away from a nuclear power plant might make some people feel it is not far enough, while insufficient distance by it self is not a problem if a plant meets safety regulations. Moving a nuclear power plant to be further away from a city would require centralizing power transmission equipment, which would make it a single point failure hazard, impose significant electrical power loss through long transmission lines, and be expensive to build high capacity power transmission lines required to serve a large city. Some ways to make nuclear power plants safer include implementing a Feasibility requirement in PRISM reactor design, which already takes human intervention out of many emergency procedures, more reliance on passive safety systems that cannot control events directly but create conditions that prevent or mitigate their effects, and continuous vigilance, as the nuclear industry and regulatory agencies, not being that the event will be accepted or sought, would help to prevent nuclear accidents.
What do you mean by “Fukushuras”?
“Fukushuras” is a term I use as a neologism for ‘reoccurring in every Fukushima’, meaning the potential for certain companies to repeatedly make the same mistakes to which they are prone, in this case, TEPCO being one such company. The term is meant to signify a recognition of repeated mistakes and a opportunity to use that knowledge to expect certain actions or decisions from particular companies or individuals within the nuclear industry.
Some of the essays that I post are historical, some are technical and some are topical. Last night a story on the Rachael Maddow show on MSNBC caught my attention. I have blogged in the past about the problems at the Minot nuclear missile base in North Dakota. However, the problems discussed in the MSNBC story were not the fault of the missile command or the personnel of the missiles installation.
Minute Man missile silos were constructed in North Dakota during the Cold War. At the time, there was little in the way of farming, population or infrastructure in that part of North Dakota. In addition, the location was selected because the shortest route for U.S. missiles to strike Russia was over the North Pole.
The western half of North Dakota is located over part of the Bakken oil field. Recently there has been intense activity in drilling oil wells in North Dakota. The oil that is extracted has to be moved to market and a great deal of the oil is shipped out of North Dakota on trains.
Oil trains have been derailing, exploding and causing big fires for years but the huge increase in oil shipments in the past few years has also increased the number of accidents and the attendant publicity. The crude oil from North Dakota is especially flammable and when these oil trains derail, there have been huge explosions that have killed people and required evacuation in populated areas. There really is no easy way to put out the fires that result and often the burning rail cars and pools of oil are just left to burn out. For years, the U.S. transportation department has been trying to get the shippers to retire the old dangerous single walled tank cars in favor of safer double walled tank cars. Even derailments of the new type of cars are disastrous.
Normally, the U.S. military requires that any buildings or farms have to be at least one thousand and two hundred feet from a missile silo. However, the breaking story on MSNBC pointed out five missile silos in North Dakota that were less than that distance from rail lines that carry Bakken crude oil shipments. The U.S. military has submitted lists of concerns to North Dakota state officials about the proximity of the rail lines to the silos.
If one of these trains derailed and exploded near a missile silo, the resulting fire could spread to the missile installation. In addition to the damage that that would be caused to the silo and the missile, as well as the danger to the personnel, there is the possibility that such a fire could set off the propellant for the missile. The resulting explosion could release radioactive materials from the warhead and rain down radioactive fallout over the area, posing a threat to the environment, animals , and people living in the area.
As the report pointed out, this should not just be a concern of location authorities but a concern that must be addressed by the federal government at the national level. This problem should have been address long before now.
The United States government seems to have a love-hate relationship with China. While U.S. military officials warn of the rising influence of China’s military, President Obama makes comments about how the new TPP trade deal is necessary or “China will write the trade rules.” On the other hand, China is a huge investor in the U.S. and we are its major trading partner. While the attempt to craft a nuclear power/weapons agreement with Iran has been getting all the headlines lately, the U.S. has been quietly working on an extension of a nuclear agreement with China.
Without any publicity, President Obama announced to Congress that he is going to renew a nuclear cooperation agreement with China. It is called a 123 agreement under the terms of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. Supporters of the renewal say that it would facilitate the sales of U.S. nuclear technology to China which is on a reactor buying and building binge of late. There is a potential for dozens of reactor sales to China representing hundreds of billions of dollars.
The renewal of the agreement would let China purchase U.S. designed reactors. The deal would also allow China to purchase a facility or the technology that would permit China to reprocess spent nuclear fuel to obtain plutonium. In addition, China will be allowed to buy new reactor coolant technology. Experts claim that such technology could be modified to make Chinese submarines quieter and much more difficult to detect. The lack of publicity is an indication of the concerns that the U.S. President has about Congressionl and non-proliferation experts resistance to the renewal.
Congress is now getting involved with the renewal effort. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee will be reviewing the commercial, political and security implications of the renewal. The closed door meeting with five administration officials will permit the review of classified information about Chinese nuclear export control processes. There is a fear that nuclear technology sold to China could find its way to third parties which pose a nuclear proliferation threat.
China has been assisting the U.S. negotiations with Iran over Iran’s nuclear program. Concerns have been raised by China’s close relationship with Iran. In order to facilitate the negotiations with Iran and expand nuclear trade with the U.S., China has been willing to commit to much tighter controls on the movement of nuclear technology and nuclear materials than are in the original agreement that is being renewed. In the past, China has been accused of selling dangerous missile and nuclear technology to “countries of concern.”
Critics of the renewal such at the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center (NPEC) have been pushing Congress to make advanced consent a requirement for allowing China to purchase the plutonium-reprocessing plant mentioned above. The NPEC also “opposes the sale of nuclear energy technologies, especially coolant pumps and high quality valves known as squib valves, with possible naval use.” This particular issue has risen in importance with reports that China appears to be building a military base on disputed reefs in the South China Sea.
However worried U.S. officials are about China’s military ambitions in Southern Asia and sharing sensitive nuclear technology with other countries, U.S. nuclear technology companies are very eager to export nuclear reactors and technology to China and exerting a lot of pressure on the U.S. government to help them expand nuclear trade with China. Time will tell which interest is the wiser.
Part Two of Two Parts (Please read Part One first)
Canada gets eighty nine gigawatt-hours from twenty reactors which represents about fifteen percent of its electricity. Most of the nuclear power in Canada comes from reactors located in Ontario because of anti-nuclear resistance in other provinces. There are no current plans for major nuclear power expansion in Canada despite the fact that they are a leading exporter of nuclear technology.
China is generating about ninety two and a half gigawatt-hours with seventeen reactors which supply two percent of its electricity. The horrible pollution in China from reliance on coal fired power plants is a very strong incentive to expand nuclear power generation. They look forward to constructing thirteen power reactors by about 2020 which will raise the percentage of nuclear power to six percent. China has acquired nuclear technology for other countries such as Russia and France, but it is quickly developing its own domestic nuclear industry and marketing reactors to other countries.
Germany generates ninety four gigawatt-hours with nine reactors that supply sixteen percent of its electricity. Germany has decided to abandon nuclear power generation completely and is closing all its reactors by 2022. The disaster at Fukushima in 2011 was a major factor in the decision.
South Korea generates one hundred forty three and a half gigawatt-hours of nuclear power with twenty three reactors. This accounts for about thirty percent of power generation in S.K. There are plans to bring five more reactors online by 2021 and S.K. is committed to export of nuclear reactors and technology to other countries.
Russia has thirty three reactors which generate about one hundred sixty six gigawatt-hours or about eighteen percent of their electricity. Russia is very aggressive about the future of nuclear power and has a long range plan to get half of their electricity from nuclear generation by 2050. They are planning to build twenty eight new reactors in order to achieve that goal. Russia is also committed to the export of nuclear power reactors. Their model for foreign sales is to build, operate, fuel and remove waste for their clients.
France generates four hundred seven and one half gigawatt-hours of electricity with fifty eight reactors. This represents about seventy five percent of the electricity generated in France. France is also an exporter of electricity to other European nations. The election of the most recent French President signaled a shift of policy in France away from nuclear power. The new President ran on a promise to reduce France’s reliance on nuclear power generation by one third. France is a leader in development of and the export of nuclear technology.
The United States currently generates over seven hundred and seventy gigawatt-hours of electricity from a fleet of a hundred nuclear reactors. This supplies nineteen percent of the electricity for the U.S. Most of the reactor construction in the U.S. occured before 1975. The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 ended nuclear expansion in the U.S. Recently, interest in nuclear has reawakened as five new reactors with a capacity of seven gigawatt-hours are now under construction. However, this only represent a one percent expansion of current nuclear power generation.
Despite the optimistic plans of some nations to expand their use of nuclear power and export reactors to developing nations, the sensitivity of the public, investors and politicians to nuclear disasters and their aftermath should serve as a warning to nuclear enthusiasts. The push to build many new reactors in a short period and the construction of reactors in developing nations with corrupt governments makes another major accident almost inevitable in the next ten to twenty years. Such an accident may quash hopes for a global “nuclear renaissance.”
Global Nuclear Power Plants:
