On March 11, 2011 an earthquake and tsunami severely damaged four nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Number 1 power plant on the northeast coast of the Japanese island of Honshu.
The Unit One reactor is a boiling water design fueled with about eighty tons of uranium dioxide in zirconium alloy fuel rods. The primary concrete containment vessel surrounds the core of the reactor and the secondary concrete containment vessel included upper levels which contained pools for storing fuel rods and irradiated equipment.
Around 3 PM Unit One was shut down in response to the earthquake which shook the reactor and broke pipes. Around 5:30 PM all the electrical power generated by the reactor stopped. Emergency batteries were supposed to take over to provide power for monitoring and control systems but Unit 1's backup batteries were damaged when the tsunami struck and could not provide emergency power. Fifteen minutes later, TEPCO, the company that managed Fukushima Number 1, declared a Nuclear Emergency Situation because they could not confirm that emergency cooling systems were injecting coolant into the core of Unit 1. Radioactive steam was released into the secondary containment vessel to reduce pressure in the primary vessel.
At first, after the quake, TEPCO used the isolation condenser system to cool Unit 1 but after ten minutes, they shut down the isolation condenser and turned on the emergency cooling injection system which sprayed coolant into the reactor core. After a half hour, the loss of electrical power to the reactor disabled the spray cooling system. The operators were unable to restart the isolation condensers for a half hour and they functioned intermittently after that. The condensers should have been able to cool the core for eight hours but they failed to perform as expected. It was revealed later that TEPCO had changed the original arrangement of pipes feeding the isolation condensers without notifying government regulator. This may have contributed to the problems at Unit 1.
By midnight, the core coolant levels were dropping and TEPCO announced that there might be a release of radioactivity from Unit 1. Early on March 12th radiation levels were rising in the Unit 1 turbine building. TEPCO said that they might need to relieve the pressure by venting the rising pressure which would release radioactivity into the environment. This was excused on the premise that there would be very little radioactivity and it would be blown out to sea by prevailing winds. During the night, the isolation cooling system failed and around noon on March 12th, the pressure was relieved by venting and water was injected into the system.
The heat continued to rise in the core as the cooling water was boiled off and released as steam. The lost of electrical power interfered with the operation of coolant pumps and fans. Increasing radioactivity was detected outside the reactor complex including cesium-137 and idodine-131 which indicated that the coolant levels in the core had dropped so low that the fuel rods were exposed and were melting. Building pressure had to be relieved by manually opening the valves because of the loss of electrical power.
At 3 PM on March 12th, there was an explosion in the Unit 1 reactor building which blew out the walls on the upper levels and collapsed the roof. The exposure of the zirconium alloy fuel rods to live steam resulted in a reaction that generated hydrogen which resulted in the explosion. The primary containment was not breached but significant radioactivity was released. There was concern that some of the fuel rods may have dropped through the bottom of the core.
At 10 PM, the Japanese government order that seawater be pumped into the Unit 1 reactor to cool the core although this would ruin the reactor. Boric acid was added to the seawater as it was pumped in by fire trucks. After taking about ten hours to fill the core, the seawater took about ten days to cool down the core. Over the next few days, repairs continued and electrical power was restore to Unit 1. Pressure continued to build requiring reduction of water flow and steam venting. Salt water corroded the zirconium alloy shell of the fuel rods. By March 24 it was determined that the fuel rods in the upper level cooling power had been exposed.
Work continued for the next several months to bring the core temperate down and restore the various monitoring and control. Temperature of the core was reduced to under 100 degrees Celsius by August, bringing the reactor closer to "Cold Shutdown Status." By October, a concrete cover for the Unit 1 reactor had been completed.
