Ambient office = 114 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 66 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 63 nanosieverts per hour

New potato from Central Market = 123 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 124 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 106 nanosieverts per hour

     Matthew Bunn of Harvard Kennedy School said, “For whatever reason, for a certain brand of right-wing extremists in the United States and elsewhere, there’s a real obsession with nuclear.” He went on to say that this is especially concerning when they work at a nuclear plant or knows someone who does. Insiders are especially dangerous because of all the nuclear threats on record, most of them were perpetrated by insiders or with the help of insiders. Bunn and Scott Sagan recently co-edited a book titled Insider Threats. Nuclear threats constitute some of the material in the book.
      A book titled The Turner Diaries is one of the foundational documents for extreme racists and right-wing movements in the U.S. The book envisions them using nuclear weapons against U.S. cities to destroy the government so the perpetrators can rebuild a whites-only nation.
      One extremist who worked at a nuclear power plant was Ashli Babbitt. She was part of the crowd who stormed the U.S. Capital on January 6th. She was trying to climb through a broken window when she was shot and killed by a policeman. From 2015 to 2017, Babbitt worked at the Calvert Cliffs nuclear power plant in Maryland. As far as anyone knows, she did not do anything wrong while she worked there. 
      Nuclear power plants remain an interest to many extremists. In 2015, a suspect who was linked to the Paris terrorist attacks was found to possess surveillance footage of a top official at a nuclear facility in Belgium. Authorities were concerned that members of the Islamic State might have been planning to kidnap that official in order to obtain radioactive materials for a terrorist attack.
     Bunn said, “The Japanese terror group called Alum Shinnikyo that launched nine gas attacks in the Tokyo subways in 1995 and Al Qaeda both pursued nuclear weapons fairly actively. Recently the Under Secretary General of the United Nations for Counterterrorism reported that the Islamic State has used bitcoin to buy and sell radioactive materials.”
     Bunn says that India and Pakistan are particularly concerning because of the terrorists who live and operate in the two countries. We know little of what is happening in Russia with respect to nuclear terrorists since Russia invaded the Crimea and their cooperation on international nuclear security ended.
     Bunn commented, “We really have only very modest information available on what’s going on in Russia which is the world’s largest stockpile of nuclear weapons, the world’s largest stockpile of plutonium and highly enriched uranium in the world’s largest number of buildings and bunkers.”
     The U.S. has been assisting other countries to completely dispose of nuclear materials that they don’t need anymore. Bunn helped to create this program. He said that more than half of all the countries in the world that use to have nuclear materials that could have been used to make nuclear weapons have disposed of those nuclear materials. He says that there is much that still needs to be accomplished with regard to nuclear security. He encourages the U.S. to keep its attention on nuclear weapons.

Ambient office = 83 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 93 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 93 nanosieverts per hour

Carrot from Central Market = 86 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 122 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 107 nanosieverts per hour

     The long-theorized neutron-clustering effect in nuclear reactors has been demonstrated. A new study recently published in the journal Nature Communications Physics details the work. The research was carried out by a collaboration of Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), both located in France.
     Nicholas Thompson is an engineer with the Los Alamos Advanced Nuclear Technology Group. He said, “The neutron-clustering phenomenon had been theorized for years, but it had never been analyzed in a working reactor. The findings indicate that, as neutrons fission and create more neutrons, some go on to form large lineages of clusters while others quickly die off, resulting in so-called ‘power tilts,’ or asymmetrical energy production.”
     Understanding these clustering fluctuations is very important for safety and simulation accuracy. This is especially critical when nuclear reactors first begin to power up.
      Thompson said, “We were able to model the life of each neutron in the nuclear reactor, basically building a family tree for each. What we saw is that even if the reactor is perfectly critical, so the number of fissions from one generation to the next is even, there can be bursts of clusters that form and others that quickly die off.”
     This clustering phenomena is important to understand because of a statistical concept known as the gambler’s ruin. The concept is attributed to Blaise Pascal. In an analogy to betting, the concept says that even if the changes of a gambler winning or losing each individual bet are fifty percent, over the course of enough bets, there is a statistical certainty that the gambler will lose all of his money.
     In nuclear reactors, each neutron can be said to have a similar fifty percent chance of dying or triggering a fission event. According to the gambler’s ruin idea, the neutron in a nuclear reactor might then have a statistical chance of dying off completely after a nuclear fission event, even thought the system is at critical.
     This concept has been widely studied in other scientific fields such as biology and epidemiology where this clustering effect is also found. The research team drew on this related statistical math. They were able to analyze whether the gambler’s ruin concept would hold true for neutrons in nuclear reactors.
      Jesson Hutchinson works with the Laboratory’s Advanced Nuclear Technology Group. He said, “You would expect this theory to hold true. You should have a critical system that, while the neutron population is varying between generations, runs some chance of becoming subcritical and losing all neutrons. But that’s not what happens.”
     In order to understand why the gambler’s ruin concept did not apply in nuclear reactors, researchers utilized a low-power nuclear reactor at the Walthousen Reactor Critical Facility in New York. The low powered reactor was critical for tacking the lifespans of individual neutrons because large-scale reactors can have trillions of interactions at any moment. The team used three different neutron detectors, including the Los Alamos-developed Neutron Multiplicity 3He Array Detector (NoMAD), to trace every interaction inside the reactor.
     The team discovered that while generations of neutrons would cluster in large family trees and others died out, a complete die-off was avoided in the small reactors because of spontaneous fission. This is the non-induced nuclear splitting of radioactive materials inside reactors which creates more neutrons. This balance of neutron-induced fission and spontaneous fission prevented the neutron population from dying out completely. It also tended to smooth out the energy bursts created by clustering neutrons.
     Hutchinson said, “Commercial-sized nuclear reactors don’t depend on the neutron population alone to reach criticality, because they have other interventions like temperature and control rod settings. But this test was interested in answering fundamental questions about neutron behavior in reactors, and the results will have an impact on the math we use to simulate reactors and could even affect future design and safety procedures.”

Ambient office = 101 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 85 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 84 nanosieverts per hour

Celery from Central Market = 116 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 126 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 108 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient office = 83 nanosieverts per hour

Ambient outside = 130 nanosieverts per hour

Soil exposed to rain water = 126 nanosieverts per hour

Avocado from Central Market = 100 nanosieverts per hour

Tap water = 119 nanosieverts per hour

Filter water = 102 nanosieverts per hour